Comparative Grammar 4.1. Degrees of Comparison in Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, & French

Level I 1. Alphabet & Pronunciation 2. Similarities to English 3. Gender & Plural 4. Cardinal Numbers 5. Subject Personal Pronouns 6. Present Indicative Tense I 7. The Articles 8. Interrogative Pronouns & Adjectives 9. Basic Vocabulary Level II 1. Prepositions 2. Present Indicative Tense II – Irregular Verbs 3. Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns 4. Demonstrative Pronouns & Adjectives 5. Object Personal Pronouns 6. Relative Pronouns 7. Ordinal Numbers I 8. “Por” vs. “Para” in Spanish & Portuguese 9. The Verb “To Be”: “Ser” vs. “Estar” in Spanish & Portuguese Level III 1. Verbs like “Gustar” in Spanish & “Piacere” in Italian 2. Present Perfect Tense 3. The Verb “To Know” 4. Indefinite Adjectives & Pronouns 5. Conjunctions 6. Simple Future Tense 7. Telling Time & Describing Weather 8. Adverbs 9. Present Participle & Gerund in French Level IV 1. Degrees of Comparison: Comparatives & Superlatives 2. Past Tense: Preterite vs. Imperfect 3. Reflexive Pronouns & Verbs 4. Expressions Using “To Have” & “To Do” 5. Present Subjunctive Tense I 6. Present Progressive Tense 7. Future Perfect Tense 8. Personal “a” in Spanish Level V 1. The Pronouns “Ci” & “Ne” in Italian and “Y” & “En” in French 2. Past Absolute Tense in Italian & Simple Past Tense in French 3. Imperative Mood & Giving Commands 4. The Conditional Tenses 5. Present Subjunctive Tense II & Future Subjunctive Tense 6. Perfect Subjunctive Tense 7. Partitives 8. Past & Conditional Progressive Tenses 9. The Verb “Acabar” in Spanish & Portuguese Level VI 1. Ordinal Numbers 2. Imperfect Subjunctive Tense 3. Pluperfect Indicative Tense 4. Pluperfect Subjunctive Tense 5. Passive Voice 6. Idiomatic Pronominal Verbs 7. Diminutives & Augmentatives 8. The Past Infinitive
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In this comparative grammar lesson of Romance languages, we study degrees of comparison in Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, & French. We will examine different ways of comparing nouns, indicating their equality, inequality, or the extreme degree of an adjective. We will study the comparison of equality, the comparison of inequality, and superlatives.

Table of Contents

Comparatives of Equality

The most common expressions in this category are:

as (adjective/adverb) as …

SPtan + (adj./adv.) + como …     as (adj./adv.) as …
PTtão + (adj./adv.) + quanto
ITcosì + (adj./adv.) + cometanto + (adj./adv.) + quanto
FRaussi + (adj./adv.) + que …             

Here are some examples:

SPEste auto es tan caro como una casa.This car is as expensive as a house.
PTEste carro é tão caro quanto uma casa.
ITQuesta macchina è così costosa come una casa.
Questa macchina è tanto costosa quanto una casa.
FRCette voiture est aussi chère qu’une maison.
SPElla es tan alta como su hermana.She is as tall as her sister.
PTEla é tão alta quanto a irmã.
ITLei è così alta come sua sorella.
Lei è tanto alta quanto sua sorella.
FRElle est aussi grande que sa sœur.
SPÉl habla tan claro como un profesor.He speaks as clearly as a teacher.
PTEle fala tão claramente quanto um professor.
ITParla così chiaro come un insegnante.
Parla tanto chiaro quanto un insegnante.
FRIl parle aussi clairement qu’un professeur.

Notice that it is more common, in Italian, to drop the first word, “così” or “tanto,” in the construction in informal speech, e.g., “Lei è alta come/quanto sua sorella(She is as tall as her sister).

as much/many (noun) as …

SPtanto/-a(s) + (noun) + comoas much/many (noun) as …
PTtanto/-a(s) + (noun) + como/quanto
ITtanto/-a/-i/-e + (noun) + quanto
FRautant de + (noun) + que

Here are some examples:

SPÉl tiene tanto dinero como un millonario.He has as much money as amillionaire.
PTEle tem tanto dinheiro quanto um milionário.
ITHa tanti soldi quanto un milionario.
FRIl a autant d’argent qu’un millionnaire.
SPHay tanta gente acá como en Londres.There are as many people here as in London.
PTtantas pessoas aqui como em Londres.
ITCi sono tante persone qui come a Londra.
FRIl y a autant de monde ici qu’à Londres.

Comparatives of Inequality

The following formula is used to express inequality when comparing two adjectives, adverbs, or nouns:

SPmás/menosquemore/less … than …
PTmais/menosque
ITpiù/menodi
FRplus/moins (de)… que

Notice that, in French, “de” is added only when comparing nouns, but not when comparing adjectives or adverbs.

Here are some examples:

SPElla es más alta que su hermana.       She is taller than her sister.
PTEla é mais alta que a irmã.
ITÈ più alta di sua sorella.         
FRElle est plus grande que sa sœur.       
SPÉl habla más claro que un profesor.He speaks more clearly than a teacher.
PTEle fala mais claro que um professor.
ITParla più chiaro di un professore.
FRIl parle plus clairement qu’un professeur.
SPÉl tiene más dinero que el presidente.He has more money than the president.
PTEle tem mais dinheiro que o presidente.
ITHa più soldi del presidente.
FRIl a plus d’argent que le président.
SPSomos menos ricos que nuestros padres.We are less rich than our parents.
PTSomos menos ricos que nossos pais.
ITSiamo meno ricchi dei nostri genitori.
FRNous sommes moins riches que nos parents.
SPÉl habla menos claro que un profesor.He speaks less clearly than a teacher.
PTEle fala menos claramente que um professor.
ITParla meno chiaramente di un professore.
FRIl parle moins clairement qu’un professeur.
SPÉl tiene menos paciencia que mi hermano.He has less patience than my brother.
PTEle tem menos paciência que o meu irmão.
ITHa meno pazienza di mio fratello.
FRIl a moins de patience que mon frère.

Some adjectives have irregular forms:

SPbuenogoodmejorbetter
PTbemmelhor
ITbuonomigliore (or) più buono
FRbonmeilleur
SPmalbadpeorworse
PTruimpior
ITcattivopeggiore (or) più cattivo
FRmauvaispire (or) plus mauvais
SPviejooldmayorolder
PTvelhomaior
ITvecchiomaggiore (or) più vecchio
FRvieuxplus vieux
SPjovenyoungmenoryounger
PTjovemmenor
ITgiovaneminore (or) più giovane
FRjeuneplus jeune
SPgrandelargemayorlarger
PTgrandemaior
ITgrandemaggiore (or) più grande
FRgrandplus grand
SPpequeñosmallmenorsmaller
PTpequenomenor
ITpiccolo minore (or) più piccolo
FRpetitplus petit

In the special case of comparing an adjective to another adjective of the same noun in Italian, we use “che” instead of “di” before the second adjective. For example:

Il suo discorso è più emotivo che accurato.His speech is more emotional than it is accurate.
Sono più professionali che esperti.They are more professional than they are experienced.

Superlatives

There are two ways to express the large or extreme degrees of an adjective.

Relative Superlatives

SPel/la/los/las + más/menos + (adj.)the + most/least + (adj.)
PTo/a/os/as + mais/menos + (adj.)
ITil/la/i/le + più/meno + (adj.)
FRle/la/les + plus/moins + (adj.)

Inserting a noun between the definite article and “most/least is optional.

Here are some examples:

SPElla es la más inteligente de su clase.She is the most intelligent in her class.
PTEla é a mais inteligente de sua classe.
ITLei è la più intelligente della sua classe.
FRElle est la plus intelligente de sa classe.
SPSomos los menos afectados por la crisis.We are the least affected by the crisis.
PTSomos os menos afetados pela crise.
ITSiamo i meno colpiti dalla crisi.
FRNous sommes les moins touchés par la crise.
SPEs el tema más importante en el país.This is the most important topic in the country.
PTEste é o tema mais importante do país.
ITÈ la questione più importante del paese.
FRC’est le sujet le plus important du pays.
SPEs el político menos corrupto del parlamento.He is the least corrupt politician in the parliament.
PTEle é o político menos corrupto do parlamento.
ITÈ il politico meno corrotto in parlamento.
FRIl est le politicien le moins corrompu du parlement.
SPSon las mujeres más valientes que he visto en mi vida.They are the most courageous women I have ever seen.
PTSão as mulheres mais corajosas que já vi.
ITSono le donne più coraggiose che abbia mai visto.
FRCe sont les femmes les plus courageuses que j’ai jamais vues.

The following adjectives (listed here in their singular masculine form) from the comparison of inequality have irregular forms as relative superlatives:

SPbuenogoodel mejorbest
PTbemo melhor
ITbuonoil migliore (or) il più buono
FRbonle meilleur
SPmalbadel peorworst
PTruimo pior
ITcattivoil peggiore (or) il più cattivo
FRmauvaisle pire (or) le plus mauvais
SPviejooldel mayoroldest
PTvelhoo maior
ITvecchioil maggiore (or) il più vecchio
FRvieuxle plus vieux
SPjovenyoungel menoryoungest
PTjovemo menor
ITgiovaneil minore (or) il più giovane
FRjeunele plus jeune
SPgrandelargeel mayorlargest
PTgrandeo maior
ITgrandeil maggiore (or) il più grande
FRgrandle plus grand
SPpequeñosmallel menorsmallest
PTpequenoo menor
ITpiccolo il minore (or) il più piccolo
FRpetitle plus petit

Absolute Superlatives

One can express an absolute superlative by simply preceding the adjective with an adverb such as “very” or “extremely. Here are some examples:

SPEste estadio está muy frío.This stadium is very cold.
PTEste estádio está muito frio.
ITQuesto stadio è molto freddo.
FRCe stade est très froid.
SPEl café está extremamente[1] caliente.The coffee is extremely hot.
PTO café está extremamente quente.
ITIl caffè è estremamente caldo.
FRLe café est extrêmement chaud.
[1] Another common adverb in Spanish that is equivalent to “extremamente” is “sumamente.”

In Spanish and Italian, there is another way to express absolute superlatives by using adjectives ending in “-ísimo/-a (s)” in Spanish and “-issimo/-a/-i/-e” in Italian, translated as “very” or “quite. It is constructed by removing the vowel at the end of the adjective (if it exists) and attaching the suffix.

SPbuenogoodbuenísimovery good
ITbuonobuonissimo
SPmalobadmalísimovery bad
ITcattivocattivissimo
SPgrandelargegrandísimovery large
ITgrandegrandissimo
SPpequeñosmallpequeñísimovery small
ITpiccolopiccolissimo

Next: Past Tense: Preterite vs. Imperfect

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