Portuguese 1.1.1. Vowels

Level I 1. Alphabet & Pronunciation 1.1. Vowels 2. Similarities to English 2.1. Capitalization 2.2. Negation 2.3. Punctuation & Written Accents 3. Gender & Plural 4. Cardinal Numbers 5. Subject Personal Pronouns 6. Present Indicative Tense I 7. The Articles 8. Interrogative Pronouns & Adjectives 9. Basic Phrases Level II 1. Prepositions 2. Present Indicative Tense II – Irregular Verbs 3. The Verb “To Be”: “Ser” vs. “Estar” 4. Future Tense 5. Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns 6. Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns 7. Object Personal Pronouns 8. Relative Pronouns 9. Ordinal Numbers I 10. Times & Seasons Level III 1. “Por” vs. “Para” 2. The Verb “To Know”: “Saber” vs. “Conhecer” 3. Indefinite Adjectives & Pronouns 4. Present Progressive Tense 5. Present Perfect Tense 6. Special Uses of “Haver” & “Ter” 7. Telling Time & Describing Weather 8. Adverbs 9. Directions Level IV 1. Degrees of Comparison: Comparatives & Superlatives 2. Past Tense: Preterite vs. Imperfect 3. Conjunctions 4. Reflexive Pronouns & Verbs 5. Time Expressions: Ainda, Já, Acabar, and Desde 6. Present Subjunctive Tense 7. Future Perfect Tense Level V 1. Imperative Mood & Giving Commands 2. Simple Conditional Tense 3. Future Subjunctive Tense 4. Perfect Subjunctive Tense 5. Imperfect Subjunctive Tense 6. Past & Conditional Progressive Tenses 7. Interjections Level VI 1. Ordinal Numbers II 2. “Would/Should/Could Have …” 3. Pluperfect Indicative Tense 4. Pluperfect Subjunctive Tense 5.”Although” & “Despite” 6. Passive Voice & Impersonal “Se” 7. Diminutives & Augmentatives
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The letters “a,” “u,” “o,” “e,” and “i” are the vowel letters in Portuguese. There are two types of vowels in Portuguese: oral vowels and nasal vowels. Both oral and nasal vowels can have a combination of vowel letters.

1. Oral Vowels

The five vowel letters in Portuguese have a slightly different pronunciation in Portuguese than in English. Notice that we use different symbols from the standard International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for simplicity.

Let us start with the main five vowels in Portuguese:

a
/a/
falar” /fa-lar/ (to speak)always sounds like “a” in “father”
u
/oo/
muro” /moo-ro/ (wall)always sounds like “oo” in “food”
i
/ee/
girafa” /jee-ra-fa/ (giraffe)like “ee” in “see” or “i” in “marine”
e
/e/, /i/
cego” /se-go/ (blind) – open
seda” /se-da” (silk) – closed
noite” /noy-chi/ (night) – at word-end
1. open: like “e” in “bed”
2. closed (stressed or unstressed): like “ay” in “say” but without the final “y” sound
3. Like “i” in “kid” when it is unstressed at word-end
o
/o/
sobra” /sob-ra/ (leftover) – open
cor” /kor/ (color) – closed (stressed)
pato” / pa-to/ (duck) – closed (unstressed)
1. open: like “o” in “cop” but shorter
2. closed (stressed): like “o” in “go” but without the final “w” sound
3. closed (unstressed): like the weak “o” in “into

The Vowel Letter “e”

The letter “e” can have one of three sounds:

  1. An open “e” sounds similar to the “e” in “bed” or “set.” Examples include:
cego/se-go/blind
fé/fe/faith

2. A closed “e” sounds similar to the “ay” sound in “say” but without the final “y” sound. Examples include:

seda/se-da/silk
você/vo-se/you (singular)

3. Like “i” in “kid” when it is unstressed at the end of a word. Examples include:

mole/mo-li/soft
noite/noy-chi/night

If the “e” has a circumflex, that is “ê,” it is pronounced like a closed “e.” If the “e” has an acute accent, that is “é,” it is pronounced like an open “e.”

If the “e” has no circumflex or acute accent, which is often the case, knowing whether to use a closed or open sound is not always clear and it requires some practice and a good dictionary.

The Vowel Letter “o”

The letter “o” can have one of three sounds:

  1. An open “o” sounds similar to the “o” in “cop” but shorter. Examples include:
rocha/ho-sha/rock
pó/po/dust or powder

2. A closed stressed “o” sounds similar to the “o” sound in “go” but without the final “w” sound. Examples include:

boca/bo-ka/mouth
avô/a-vo/grandfather

3. A closed unstressed “o” sounds similar to the weak “o” in “into.” Examples include:

cego/se-go/blind
sapato/sa-pa-to/shoe

If the “o” has a circumflex, that is “ô,” it is pronounced like a closed “o.” If the “o” has an acute accent, that is “ó,” it is pronounced like an open “o.”

If the “o” has no circumflex or acute accent, which is often the case, knowing whether to use a closed or open sound is not always clear and requires some practice and a good dictionary.

In addition to the main six vowels, there are 13 diphthong vowels. These are summarized as follows:

ai
/ay/
pai” /pay/ (father)
mais” /mays / (more)
Pronounced like the English word “eye”
au, al
/aw/
saudar” /saw-dar/ (to salute)
mal” /maw/ (badly)
Pronounced like “ow” in the English word “now”
ei
/ey/
lei” /ley/ (law)
rei” /hey / (king)
Pronounced like “ay” in the English word “day”
éi
/ey/
anéis” /a-neys/ (rings)
hotéis” /o-teys/ (hotels)
Pronounced like “e” in “set” followed by “y” sound
eu
/ew/
teu” /tew/ (your)
pneu” /pnew/ (tire)
Pronounced like “ay” in “day” followed by “w” sound instead of the “y” sound
éu
/ew/
véu” /vew/ (veil)
chapéu” /sha-pew/ (hat)
Pronounced like “e” in “set” followed by “w” sound
iu, il
/eew/
partiu” /par-cheew/ (he left)
útil” /oo-teew/ (useful)
Pronounced like “ee” in “feed” followed by “w” sound
oi
/oy/
noite” /noy-chi/ (night)
foi” /foy/ (he was/went)
Pronounced like “o” in “old” followed by “y” sound
ói
/oy/
sóis” /soys/ (suns)
herói” /e-roy/ (hero)
Pronounced like “o” in “cop” followed by “y” sound
ou
/ow/
sou” /sow/ (I am)
vou” /vow/ (I go)
Pronounced like “o” in “old” followed by “w” sound
ol
/ow/
sol” /soy/ (sun)
farol” /fa-roy/ (lighthouse)
Pronounced like “o” in “cop” followed by “w” sound
ui
/ooy/
fluido” /flooy-do/ (fluid)
fui” /fooy/ (I was/went)
Pronounced like “oo” in “food” followed by “y” sound
ul
/oow/
sul” /soow/ (south)
azul” /a-zoow/ (blue)
Pronounced like “oo” in “food” followed by “w” sound

There are also four triphthongs:

uai
/way/
quais” /kways/ (which ones)This triphthong sounds like the English interrogative “Why?”
ual
/waw/
qual” /kwaw/ (which one)This triphthong sounds like the English exclamation “Wow!”
uei
/wey/
continuei” /cõ-teen-wey/ (I continued)Sounds like the English word “way. Exceptionally, the “u” (and the “w” sound) is mute if preceded by “q” or “g,” e.g., “joguei” /jo-gey/ (I played)
uou
/wow/
atuou” /at-wow/ (he acted)This triphthong sounds like the English exclamation “Whoa!”

2. Nasal Vowels

One main challenge in Portuguese is mastering the nasal vowel sounds.

A nasal pronunciation occurs in Portuguese in one of two cases:

1. When an “n” or “m” preceded by a vowel is at the end of a word or anywhere else in the word but followed by a consonant:

at word endvowel + “n” or “mnasal
anywhere else in a wordvowel + “n” or “m” + consonantnasal
vowel + “n” or “m” + vowelnot nasal

Notice that the “m” or “n” is not actually pronounced but is instead assimilated in the nasal vowel. If a vowel follows the “m” or “n,” the nasalization often does not occur and the “m” or “n” is pronounced, e.g., “ano(year), “como(how), “cama(bed), “amar(to love), etc.

2. When the vowel “a” or “o” is marked by a tilde, that is, “ã” or “õ,” e.g., “alemã(German).

Nasal Sounds

The five nasal vowel sounds in Portuguese are: nasal “a,” nasal “e,” nasal “i,” nasal “o,” and nasal “u.” We refer to these five sounds throughout the book using the symbols: “ã,” “ẽ,” “ĩ,” “õ,” and “ũ.”

The five nasal sounds occur in the following cases:

ã, am, an
/ã/
ímã” /ee-mã/ (magnet)
ambos” /ã-bos/ (both)
antes” /ã-chis/ (before)
Similar to “an” in the English word “ant” but with a stronger nasal sound
em, en
/ẽ/
tempo” /tẽ-po/ (time)
vento” /vẽ-to/ (wind)
Similar to “ai” in the English word “paint” but with a stronger nasal sound
im, in
/ĩ/
sim” /sĩ/ (without)
lindo” /-do/ (beautiful)
Similar to “ea” in the English word “means” but with a stronger nasal sound
om, on
/õ/
bom” /bõ / (good)
onde” /õ-ji/ (where)
Similar to “o” in the English word “don’t” but with a stronger nasal sound
um, un
/ũ/
um” /ũ/ (a/an)
uns” /ũs/ (some)
Similar to “oo” in the English word “moons” but with a stronger nasal sound

In addition to the main five nasal vowels, there are five diphthong vowels. These are summarized as follows:

ãe, ãi
/ãy/
mãe” /mãy/ (mother)Similar to “an” in the English word “ant,” but with a stronger nasal sound, followed by a “y” sound
ão
/ãw/
mão” /mãw/ (hand)Similar to “an” in the English word “ant,” but with a stronger nasal sound, followed by a “w” sound
em
/ẽy/
trem” /trẽy/ (train)Similar to “ai” in the English word “paint,” but with a stronger nasal sound, followed by a “y” sound
õe
/õy/
põe” /põy/ (he/she puts)Similar to “o” in the English word “don’t,” but with a stronger nasal sound, followed by a “y” sound
ui
/ũy/
muito” /mũy-to/ (very)Similar to “oo” in the English word “moons,” but with a stronger nasal sound, followed by a “y” sound

It is important to notice the following:

  1. The “em” combination results in the diphthong nasal sound /ẽy/only when “em” is at the end of a word, e.g., “bem” /bẽy/ (well). If “em” is not at a word end, it is pronounced like a simple nasal sound /ẽ/, e.g., “tempo” /tẽ-po/ (time).
  2. The “ui” combination results in the diphthong nasal sound /ũy/only in the word “muito” /mũy-to/ (very, much). In all other cases, “ui” is pronounced as an oral diphthong vowel /ooy/, e.g., “fui” /fooy/ (he was/went).

Finally, there are also two less-common triphthong vowels that only occur before “g” or “q”:

uão
/wãw/
saguão” /sag-wãw/ (lobby)“w” sound + diphthong “ão” /ãw/
uõe
/wõy/
saguões” /sag-wõys/ (lobbies)“w” sound + diphthong “õe” /õy/

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